Class: Other Miscellaneous Therapeutic Agents
VA Class: TN900
Chemical Name: (R)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-1-propanaminium hydroxide
Molecular Formula: C7H15NO3
CAS Number: 541-15-1
Brands: Carnitor
Introduction
Amino acid derivative;10 12 13 naturally occurring substance required in mammalian energy metabolism.1 2 4 7 10 11 12 13
Uses for Levocarnitine
Primary Systemic Carnitine Deficiency
Orally for treatment of primary systemic carnitine deficiency, in addition to supportive and other therapy as indicated by the patient’s condition;2 10 designated an orphan drug by FDA for this use.6
Secondary Carnitine Deficiency Resulting from an Inborn Error of Metabolism
Orally and parenterally for acute or chronic treatment in patients with secondary carnitine deficiency resulting from an inborn error of metabolism;1 2 10 designated an orphan drug by FDA for this use.6
Carnitine Deficiency in Patients with End-stage Renal Disease Undergoing Dialysis
Parenterally for prevention and treatment of carnitine deficiency in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis (dialysis-related carnitine disorder);1 7 10 designated an orphan drug by FDA for this use.6
Effects of supplemental carnitine on manifestations of carnitine deficiency and on clinical outcomes in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis not determined.1 8 11
Levocarnitine Dosage and Administration
General
Secondary Carnitine Deficiency Associated with an Inborn Error of Metabolism.
Obtain plasma carnitine concentrations prior to initiation of parenteral therapy.1
Perform weekly and monthly monitoring of blood chemistries, vital signs, plasma carnitine concentrations, and overall clinical condition of patient.1
Plasma free carnitine concentrations should be 35–60 mcmol/L.1
End-stage Renal Disease Patients undergoing Hemodialysis
Obtain blood levocarnitine concentrations prior to therapy to establish levocarnitine deficiency.3
Some experts recommend evaluating clinical response at 3-month intervals following initiation of drug, considering dosage adjustment to lowest effective dosage once desired outcome for specific manifestation has been attained, and discontinuing drug if clinical improvement has not occurred within 9–12 months.7
Administration
Administer orally (as a solution or tablets), by direct IV injection, or by IV infusion.1 2
Oral Administration
Solutions may be administered alone or dissolved in beverages or other liquid foods to reduce taste fatigue.2 Slowly administer solution in evenly spaced doses throughout the day (i.e., at least 3 or 4 hours apart), preferably during or following meals, to maximize tolerance; adverse GI reactions may result from rapid administration of solution.2
Periodically monitor blood chemistries, vital signs, plasma carnitine concentrations, and overall clinical condition of patient.2
Closely monitor tolerance to drug during first week of administration and following any dosage increases.2
IV Administration
For solution compatibility information, see Compatibility under Stability.
Vials are for single use only.1
Rate of Administration
Secondary carnitine deficiency associated with an inborn error of metabolism, direct IV injection: Slowly over 2–3 minutes.1
Carnitine deficiency in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis, direct IV injection: Slowly over 2–3 minutes into the venous return line after each dialysis session.1
Dosage
Decreasing the dosage of oral levocarnitine may diminish or eliminate drug-related patient body odor or GI symptoms if present.2 11
Pediatric Patients
Primary Systemic Carnitine Deficiency
Oral
Pediatric patients (≤18 years of age): Initially, 50 mg/kg daily, given in 2 or 3 divided doses (administer each dose at least 3 or 4 hours apart); slowly increase dosage while assessing tolerance and therapeutic response.2 3 (See General and also Administration, under Dosage and Administration.)
Usual recommended dosage range is 50–100 mg/kg daily, given in 2 or 3 divided doses (administer each dose at least 3 or 4 hours apart), up to a maximum total daily dosage of 3 g.2 3
Exact dosage based on clinical response.2 Administer increased dosages with caution and only when clinical and biochemical considerations make it seem likely that increased dosages will be of benefit.2
Secondary Carnitine Deficiency Associated with an Inborn Error of Metabolism
Oral
Pediatric patients (≤18 years of age): Initially, 50 mg/kg daily, given in 2 or 3 divided doses (administer each dose at least 3 or 4 hours apart); slowly increase dosage while assessing tolerance and therapeutic response.2 3 (See General and also Administration, under Dosage and Administration.)
Usual recommended dosage range is 50–100 mg/kg daily, given in 2 or 3 divided doses (administer each dose at least 3 or 4 hours apart), up to a maximum total daily dosage of 3 g.2 3
Exact dosage depends on clinical response.2 Administer increased dosages with caution and only when clinical and biochemical considerations make it seem likely that increased dosages will be of benefit.2
IV
Pediatric patients (≤18 years of age): 50 mg/kg every 3 or 4 hours administered by slow, direct IV injection over 2–3 minutes or by IV infusion; do not administer less frequently than every 6 hours.1 3 Subsequent total daily dosage of approximately 50 mg/kg, adjusted as required and given in divided doses (i.e., every 3 or 4 hours), is recommended.1
In pediatric patients (≤18 years of age) with severe metabolic crisis, a loading dose has often been administered, followed by an equivalent dose over the following 24 hours.1 3 These patients underwent close supervision and monitoring of plasma levocarnitine concentrations, with subsequent dosage adjusted accordingly.3 In individual case reports, highest total daily dosage administered has been 300 mg/kg.1 3
Carnitine Deficiency in Patients with End-stage Renal Disease Undergoing Dialysis
IV
Pediatric patients (≤18 years of age): Initially, 10–20 mg/kg (preferably 10 mg/kg) of dry body weight administered by slow, direct IV injection over 2–3 minutes into the venous return line after each dialysis session.1 3
Initiation of therapy may be prompted by trough (i.e., predialysis) plasma levocarnitine concentrations that are below normal (40–50 mcmol/L).1
Adjust dosage based on trough (i.e., predialysis) plasma levocarnitine concentrations; dosage reductions (e.g., to 5 mg/kg after dialysis) may be initiated as early as the third or fourth week of therapy.1 3
Adults
Primary Systemic Carnitine Deficiency
Therapy with Levocarnitine Tablets
Oral
990 mg 2 or 3 times daily, depending on clinical response.2
Therapy with Levocarnitine Oral Solution
Oral
Initially, 1 g daily, given in 2 or 3 divided doses (administer each dose at least 3 or 4 hours apart); slowly increase dosage while assessing tolerance and therapeutic response.2 3 (See General and also Administration, under Dosage and Administration.)
Usual recommended dosage range for a 50-kg patient is 1–3 g daily, given in 2 or 3 divided doses (administer each dose at least 3 or 4 hours apart).2 3
Administer increased dosages with caution and only when clinical and biochemical considerations make it seem likely that increased dosages will be of benefit.2
Secondary Carnitine Deficiency Resulting from an Inborn Error of Metabolism
Therapy with Levocarnitine Tablets
Oral
990 mg 2 or 3 times daily, depending on clinical response.2
Therapy with Levocarnitine Oral Solution
Oral
Initially, 1 g daily, given in 2 or 3 divided doses (administer each dose at least 3 or 4 hours apart); slowly increase dosage while assessing tolerance and therapeutic response.2 3 (See General and also Administration, under Dosage and Administration.)
Usual recommended dosage range for a 50-kg patient is 1–3 g daily, given in 2 or 3 divided doses (administer each dose at least 3 or 4 hours apart).2 3
Administer increased dosages with caution and only when clinical and biochemical considerations make it seem likely that increased dosages will be of benefit.2
IV
50 mg/kg every 3 or 4 hours administered by slow, direct IV injection over 2–3 minutes or by IV infusion; do not administer less frequently than every 6 hours.1 3 Subsequent total daily dosage of approximately 50 mg/kg, adjusted as required and given in divided doses (i.e., every 3 or 4 hours), is recommended.1 3
In patients with severe metabolic crisis, a loading dose often has been administered, followed by an equivalent dose during the following 24 hours.1 3 These patients underwent close supervision and monitoring of plasma levocarnitine concentrations, with subsequent dosage adjusted accordingly.3 In individual case reports, highest total daily dosage administered has been 300 mg/kg.1 3
Carnitine Deficiency in Patients with End-stage Renal Disease Undergoing Diaysis
IV
Initially, 10–20 mg/kg of dry body weight administered by slow, direct IV injection over 2–3 minutes into the venous return line after each dialysis session.1
Initiation of therapy may be prompted by trough (i.e., predialysis) plasma levocarnitine concentrations that are below normal (40–50 mcmol/L).1
Adjust dosage based on trough (i.e., predialysis) plasma levocarnitine concentrations; dosage reductions (e.g., to 5 mg/kg after dialysis) may be initiated as early as the third or fourth week of therapy.1
Prescribing Limits
Pediatric Patients
Primary Carnitine Deficiency
Oral
Pediatric patients (≤18 years of age): In individual case reports, maximum 3 g daily.2 3
Secondary Carnitine Deficiency Associated with an Inborn Error of Metabolism
Oral
Pediatric patients (≤18 years of age): In individual case reports, maximum 3 g daily.2 3
IV
Pediatric patients (≤18 years of age): In individual case reports, total daily dosage of up to 300 mg/kg has been administered.1 3
Carnitine Deficiency in Patients with End-stage Renal Disease Undergoing Dialysis
IV
Doses >20 mg/kg have not been shown to provide additional benefit.7 3
Adults
Secondary Carnitine Deficiency Associated with an Inborn Error of Metabolism
IV
In individual case reports, total daily dosage of up to 300 mg/kg has been administered.1 3
Carnitine Deficiency in Patients with End-stage Renal Disease Undergoing Dialysis
IV
Doses >20 mg/kg have not been shown to provide additional benefit.7
Special Populations
No special population dosage recommendations at this time.1 2 (See Renal Impairment under Cautions.)
Cautions for Levocarnitine
Contraindications
Manufacturer states none known.1 2
Warnings/Precautions
Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Category B.1 2
Lactation
Distributed into milk in cows; not known whether levocarnitine distributes into human milk.1 2 Consider discontinuance of nursing or the drug.1 2
Pediatric Use
Dosage of levocarnitine in pediatric patients ≤18 years of age was based on specific patient case record observations rather than on studies that specifically defined age by protocol.1 2 3
Renal Impairment
Safety and efficacy of oral levocarnitine not established in patients with renal impairment.1 2
Chronic administration of high doses of oral levocarnitine in patients with severely compromised renal function or in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis may result in accumulation of potentially toxic metabolites, trimethylamine (TMA) and trimethyloxamine (trimethylamine-N-oxide [TMAO]), since these metabolites are normally excreted in urine.1 2 3 7
Safety of IV levocarnitine has been established in patients with end-stage renal disease.1 3
Common Adverse Effects
Oral therapy: Transient nausea and vomiting,2 abdominal cramps,2 diarrhea,2 body odor.2
Parenteral therapy: Transient nausea and vomiting,1 body odor,1 gastritis.1 Patients on chronic hemodialysis may experience injection site reactions,1 headache,1 pain,1 diarrhea,1 flu syndrome,1 pharyngitis,1 infection,1 hypertension,1 vomiting,1 abdominal pain,1 hypotension,1 dizziness,1 increased cough,1 chest pain,1 hypercalcemia,1 accidental injury,1 asthenia,1 nausea,1 fever,1 anemia,1 hypervolemia,1 paresthesia,1 rhinitis,1 or dyspnea.1
Seizures reported in patients, with or without preexisting seizure activity, receiving either oral or IV levocarnitine.1 2 12 Increased seizure frequency and/or severity also reported in patients with preexisting seizure activity.1 2
Levocarnitine Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Bioavailability
Absolute bioavailability is about 15–16% following oral administration and correction for endogenous plasma levocarnitine concentrations.1 2 4
Peak plasma concentrations attained 3.3–3.4 hours following oral administration.1 2 4
Distribution
Extent
Rate and extent of distribution from plasma into erythrocytes appear to be minor or negligible.4
Plasma Protein Binding
Does not appear to bind to plasma proteins or albumin.1 2 4
Elimination
Metabolism
Metabolized principally to TMAO and γ-butyrobetaine in GI tract by bacteria.1 2 4 5 7
Elimination Route
In healthy adults, approximately 9% of dose excreted in urine as levocarnitine (uncorrected for endogenous urinary excretion) following oral administration.1 2 3
Approximately 58–65% of a dose excreted (as levocarnitine and metabolites) in urine and feces in 5–11 days following oral administration of radiolabeled drug to patients receiving a high carnitine diet and additional carnitine supplements for 15 days.1 2 3 5 About 4–8 and <1% of administered radiolabeled dose excreted in urine as levocarnitine and in feces as total carnitine, respectively.1 2 3 5 TMAO principally excreted in urine (8–49% of administered radiolabeled dose) and γ-butyrobetaine principally excreted in feces (0.44–45% of administered radiolabeled dose).1 2 3 5
Approximately 76% of dose excreted in urine within 24 hours following direct IV injection.1 2
Half-life
Mean distribution and apparent terminal half-lives are approximately 0.6 and 17.4 hours, respectively, using plasma concentrations uncorrected for endogenous levocarnitine following direct IV injection.1 2
Special Populations
Potentially toxic metabolites, TMA and TMAO, may accumulate in patients with severely compromised renal function or in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis.1 2 7 (See Renal Impairment under Cautions.)
Stability
Storage
Oral
Tablets
25°C.2
Solution
25°C.2
Parenteral
Injection
25°C.1 Discard unused portions.1
IV solutions containing levocarnitine 0.5– 8 mg/mL prepared in 0.9% sodium chloride injection or lactated Ringer’s injection appear to be stable at 25°C for up to 24 hours in PVC plastic bags.1 3
Compatibility
For information on systemic interactions resulting from concomitant use, see Interactions.
Parenteral
Solution Compatibility1
Compatible |
|---|
Ringer’s injection, lactated1 |
Sodium chloride 0.9%1 |
ActionsActions
Carrier molecule; facilitates long-chain fatty acid entry into cellular mitochondria, and delivers substrate for oxidation and subsequent energy production.1 2 4 8 10 11 12 13
May promote excretion of excess organic or fatty acids in patients with defects in fatty acid metabolism and/or specific organic acid metabolic disorders that result in accumulation of acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) esters.1 2
In patients with secondary carnitine deficiency, eliminates acyl-CoA compounds by promoting formation of acylcarnitine, which is quickly excreted.1 2 4 10
Increases plasma levocarnitine concentrations in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis.1
Not demonstrated to be a vitamin; no recommended dietary allowance (RDA) established.13
Advice to Patients
Advise patients to drink levocarnitine oral solution alone or dissolved in beverages or other liquid foods to reduce taste fatigue.2
Advise patients to drink levocarnitine oral solution slowly in evenly spaced doses throughout the day (at least 3 or 4 hours apart).2
Importance of informing clinician of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs and dietary or herbal products, as well as any concomitant illnesses.1 2
Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.1 2
Importance of advising patients of other important precautionary information.1 2 (See Cautions.)
Preparations
Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.
* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name
Routes | Dosage Forms | Strengths | Brand Names | Manufacturer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulk | Powder* | |||
Oral | Solution | 500 mg/5 mL* | Carnitor (with parabens) | Sigma-Tau |
Carnitor SF (with parabens; sugar-free) | Sigma-Tau | |||
Levocarnitine Oral Solution (with parabens) | Hi-Tech, Rising | |||
Tablets | 330 mg* | Carnitor (with povidone) | Sigma-Tau | |
Levocarnitine Tablets (with povidone) | Hi-Tech, Rising | |||
Parenteral | Injection, for IV use only | 200 mg/mL* | Carnitor | Sigma-Tau |
Levocarnitine Injection (preservative-free) | American Regent, Bedford, Sicor |
Disclaimer
This report on medications is for your information only, and is not considered individual patient advice. Because of the changing nature of drug information, please consult your physician or pharmacist about specific clinical use.
The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com represent that the information provided hereunder was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com make no representations or warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to such information and specifically disclaims all such warranties. Users are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and the information is provided for informational purposes only. The entire monograph for a drug should be reviewed for a thorough understanding of the drug's actions, uses and side effects. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com do not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information is not a substitute for medical care.
AHFS Drug Information. © Copyright, 1959-2011, Selected Revisions August 2008. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
References
1. Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Carnitor (levocarnitine) injection prescribing information. Gaithersburg, MD; 2004 Mar.
2. Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Carnitor (levocarnitine) tablets and oral solution and Carnitor SF (levocarnitine) sugar-free oral solution prescribing information. Gaithersburg, MD; 2007 May.
3. Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD: Personal communication.
4. Evans AM, Fornasini G. Pharmacokinetics of L-carnitine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003; 42:941-67. [PubMed 12908852]
5. Rebouche CJ. Quantitative estimation of absorption and degradation of a carnitine supplement by human adults. Metabolism. 1991; 40:1305-10. [PubMed 1961125]
6. Food and Drug Administration. Orphan designation pursuant to Section 526 of the Federal Food and Cosmetic Act as amended by the Orphan Drug Act. (P.L. 97-414). Rockville, MD; From FDA website (http: / / www.fda.gov / ForIndustry / DevelopingProductsforRareDiseasesConditions / HowtoapplyforOrphanProductDesignation / default.htm). Accessed 2007 Oct 22.
7. Eknoyan G, Latos DL, Lindberg J et al. Practice recommendations for the use of L-carnitine in dialysis-related carnitine disorder: National Kidney Foundation Carnitine Consensus Conference. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003; 41:868-76. [PubMed 12666074]
8. . II. Clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for anemia in chronic kidney disease in adults. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006; 47:(Suppl 3) S16-85.
10. . American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for the clinical use of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals. Endocr Pract. 2003; 9:417-70. [PubMed 14583426]
11. Anon. Carnitine. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1986; 28:88-9. [PubMed 3747937]
12. Anon. L-carnitine. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2004; 46:95-6. [PubMed 15557875]
13. National Research Council Food and Nutrition Board Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the RDAs. Recommended dietary allowances. 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989:265-6.
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